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Here are all the changes Donald Trump signed during his first day as US president
It was anticipated Mr Trump would sign up to 100 orders on his first day back in the White House.
In the end, the figure was just shy of 50.
Mr Trump has spoken openly about his plans to grow domestic energy production, crack down on the Mexican border and end diversity, equity and inclusion programs within the federal government.
Here’s what we know.
What is an executive order?
They are essentially statements about how the president wants the federal government to be managed, which can mean instructions to federal agencies or requests for reports.
Executive orders can also play an important role in laying out major policy agendas.
While these orders are legally binding, they are not legislation as they don’t require approval from Congress.
It doesn’t necessarily mean the president can enact orders without challenge, as Congress could still block an order from being fulfilled by removing funding or creating other hurdles.
Only a sitting US president can overturn an existing executive order.
New presidents will often issue orders to cancel the orders of their predecessors.
Other presidential documents — such as proclamations and political memorandums — can also be similar to executive orders, but have different purposes.
However, all three are used by presidents to pursue actions they can’t get through Congress.
What are the limitations to executive orders?
There have been several thousand executive orders signed throughout US history, according to data collected by the American Presidency Project at the University of California.
During his first term, Mr Trump signed 220 orders and Joe Biden had signed 160, as of December 20.
But there are limitations to executive orders, as both Congress and the courts can potentially block orders.
In 1992, Congress revoked an executive order by then-president George HW Bush that would establish a human foetal tissue bank for scientific research.
Congress did this by passing a measure that meant the order would “not have any legal effect”.
And, Congress can also deny funding to agencies and those behind the enforcement of an order.
These orders could also be legally challenged based on the argument that a president went beyond their legal authority.
This was seen when the US Supreme Court said then-president Harry Truman lacked the authority to take private property without authorisation from Congress, when he tried to seize steel mills during the Korean War.
What executive orders has Donald Trump signed so far?
Mr Trump has signed a wide-ranging number of executive orders, with some aimed at walking back from climate action and others focused on “restoring free speech” in the US.
National ‘border emergency’
Mr Trump’s rhetoric around migration continued with the signing of an executive order that declared a “national emergency” at the US and Mexico border.
“America’s sovereignty is under attack,” the order said.
“Our southern border is overrun by cartels, criminal gangs, known terrorists, human traffickers, smugglers, unvetted military-age males from foreign adversaries, and illicit narcotics that harm Americans, including America.
“To protect the security and safety of United States citizens, to protect each of the states against invasion, and to uphold my duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, it is my responsibility as president to ensure that the illegal entry of aliens into the United States via the southern border be immediately and entirely stopped.”
Mr Trump rolled back a number of immigration policies announced by the Biden administration, and ordered the shut down of the CBP One app.
The app allowed migrants to schedule appointments to gain entry into the US and was previously credited by officials as streamlining the border crossing process.
Mr Trump also ordered an end to releasing migrants in the US while they await immigration court hearings — part of his Remain in Mexico policy — and an end to asylum.
It is expected his border policies could result in mass deportations, and Mexico President Claudia Sheinbaum has previously signalled her desire to help those impacted by the changes.
He also moved to consider designating cartels as “foreign terrorist organisations”, and called them an international security threat.
Mr Trump said securing the southern border was a part of his plan to bring them under control.
‘Only’ two genders
Mr Trump has declared the federal government would recognise only two genders — male and female — and would roll back previous legislation that enshrines the protection of transgender people.
The order would also remove the word “gender” from federal documents, and replace it with “sex”.
While the federal government has no control over how people identify, it can enforce the declaration on documents such as passports and visas.
American civil rights organisation focused on LGBTQI+ activism Lambda Legal said it would look to sue over the order.
“While much of what is called for by the executive orders signed today will take time to implement, we will vigilantly monitor and be ready to challenge when they take effect,” a spokesperson said.
“We are exploring every legal avenue to challenge these unlawful and unconstitutional actions. This is not only about politics and ideology — but also about real people’s lives.”
End to automatic citizenship
Mr Trump has ordered the overturning of birthright citizenship.
Birthright citizenship is enshrined in the 14th amendment of the US Constitution, and dictates:
“All persons born or naturalised in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.”
It was adopted in 1868 to ensure citizenship for Black people.
Mr Trump said automatic citizenship was “just ridiculous” and said he was on “good legal ground” to change it.
However he has already been challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union and other advocates.
They have initiated a lawsuit over the order, arguing Mr Trump would be wrongly denying a right enshrined in the constitution.
The lawsuit was filed by the ACLU, Asian Law Caucus, State Democracy Defenders Fund and Legal Defense Fund on behalf of organisations with members whose children were born on US soil and would be denied citizenship.
“Birthright citizenship embodies America’s most fundamental promise: that all children born on our soil begin life as full and equal members of our national community, regardless of their parents’ origins, status, or circumstances,” according to the complaint filed in Concord, New Hampshire.
“This principle has enabled generations of children to pursue their dreams and build a stronger America.”
Pardoned January 6 convictions
Mr Trump will pardon or commute the sentences of 1,500 people in connection with the Capitol riots on January 6, 2021.
Hundreds of Trump’s supporters stormed the US Capitol after he made baseless claims that an election victory had been “stolen” from him.
The Capitol riots were widely condemned by those on both sides of politics, and people were arrested in connection with the attack.
Mr Trump has commuted the sentences of 14 people so far — including those of far-right activists — making them eligible to be freed straight away.
He called the arrests and convictions a “grave national injustice”.
The order has already been condemned by Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer.
“The people who invaded the Capitol on January 6th, whether they committed violence or not, should not have been pardoned,” he said.
“Donald Trump is ushering in a Golden Age for people that break the law and attempt to overthrow the government.”
Republican Senator Mike Rounds said while January 6 was a “bad day for America”, he respected Mr Trump’s right to issue pardons.
Withdrawing from the Paris Climate Agreement
The Paris Climate Agreement is an international treaty which legally binds its signatories to fight climate change.
It is the second time Mr Trump has withdrawn the US from the agreement.
“The United States will not sabotage our own industries while China pollutes with impunity,” Mr Trump said.
Amnesty International has already condemned the order as “reckless” and “short-sighted” while the World Resources Institute said the Paris Agreement remained essential to combating climate change.
“It simply makes no sense for the United States to voluntarily give up political influence and pass up opportunities to shape the exploding green energy market,” an institute spokesperson said.
“Sitting on the sidelines also means the United States will have fewer levers to hold other major economies accountable for living up to their commitments.”
The ‘restoration of free speech’
Mr Trump has been supported throughout his campaign and inauguration events by social media giants like Mark Zuckerberg and Elon Musk.
Mr Trump said the administration over the last four years had restricted free speech, particularly online.
“[The administration] trampled free speech rights by censoring Americans’ speech on online platforms, often by exerting substantial coercive pressure on third parties, such as social media companies, to moderate, deplatform, or otherwise suppress speech that the federal government did not approve,” the order said.
The order highlighted particular concerns over the government censoring information ‘under the guise’ of misinformation.
Mr Trump’s order comes just weeks after Meta announced it would no longer continue with its fact-checking service, with chief executive officer Mark Zuckerberg claiming he had been inspired by Elon Musk’s work at X — formerly known as Twitter.
Mr Musk will head up a role in Mr Trump’s government, responsible for the Department of Government Efficiency.
The order also called for an investigation into the Biden administration’s impact on freedom of speech.
Keep TikTok online
Despite previously proposing a law to shut down social media app TikTok, Mr Trump has now extended it a lifeline.
TikTok went dark earlier this week in the US after continued discussions about its Chinese ownership.
Under a law passed last year, the platform was ordered to cut ties with ByteDance or shut down its US operation to resolve concerns it posed a threat to US national security.
When it failed to do so, the app went dark on Sunday with a message about working with Donald Trump to ensure a possible solution.
It quickly came back online on Monday, with the app again posting a message thanking the incoming president for his support.
Mr Trump said the app had a short reprieve, and had 75 days to find a US-based buyer.
Mr Trump previously suggested that an American buyer should purchase half of the company and run it as a 50-50 joint venture with its current owners, on his Truth Social account.
However US outlets said it would remain unclear if this ownership arrangement could satisfy those in Congress who have ongoing national security concerns.
Renaming the Gulf of Mexico
Mr Trump said it was appropriate to rename the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America, because “we do most of the work there”.
The Gulf is an ocean basin bounded by the US, Cuba and Mexico, and is an important centre of economic activity including maritime transport and oil and gas production.
The name would be changed on US-used maps and in federal references, but other nations would not have an obligation to follow suit.
Republican Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene has previously signalled her support for the move, saying her staff would be working on the legislation.
“Mexican cartels currently use the Gulf of Mexico to traffic humans, drugs, weapons, and God knows what else while the Mexican government allows them to do it,” she said.
The Mexican government has previously taken action against drug cartels in the Gulf region.
“The American people are footing the bill to protect and secure the maritime waterways for commerce to be conducted,” Ms Taylor Greene said.
No more work-from-home
Mr Trump ordered all federal employees return to work “as soon as practicable”.
The order is despite a report by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, which found a majority of federal employees already work in their offices full-time.
The report found about 10 per cent of federal employees work remotely.
American Federation of Government Employees president Everett Kelley said the move would not be helpful in attracting new employees.
“To justify this backward action, lawmakers and members of President Trump’s transition team have spent months exaggerating the number of federal employees who telework and accusing those who do of failing to perform the duties of their jobs,” he said.
“The truth is that less than half of all federal jobs are eligible for telework, and the workers who are eligible to telework still spend most of their work hours at their regular duty stations.
“Rather than undoing decades of progress in workplace policies that have benefited both employees and their employers, I encourage the Trump administration to rethink its approach and focus on what it can do to make government programs work better for the American people.”
Mr Trump also announced the termination of a number of diversity, inclusion and accessibility programs in workplaces.
Other executive orders signed by Mr Trump in his first day include:
- Withdrawing the US from the World Health Organization.
- Ensuring states carrying out the death penalty have a “sufficient supply” of lethal injection drugs.
- Rescinding 78 Biden-era orders, including a ban on off-shore drilling.
ABC News
Thousands of people turned back from the Spanish enclave of Ceuta and returned to Morocco’s Fnideq began boarding buses home on Friday, with the operation continuing on Saturday, according to AFP journalists at the scene.
A Moroccan source close to the operation told AFP on condition of anonymity that the people sent back by Spain are to be transported home directly by bus or via the railway station in Tangier, 70 kilometres (45 miles) away.
According to the source, the Fnideq border crossing is now “completely secure”, as are the hills overlooking it, from which hundreds of people, mostly young men, had thrown stones at security forces on Friday.
The Spanish government announced on Friday evening that at least 48,000 of the 60,000 people who entered Ceuta in recent days had returned to Morocco.
Late Friday, AFP journalists saw around twenty 54-person-capacity buses depart, for a total of about a thousand people.
Fnideq is a small town of just 70,000 inhabitants, roughly equivalent to the population of the enclave of Ceuta, one of Spain’s two North African enclaves.
The buses were headed for Tangier, Tetouan, or the economic capital Casablanca, all equipped with rail facilities to redirect people who had come from as far away as Marrakech, more than 500 kilometres to the south.
“I heard that buses had arrived to take us back home. Honestly, I just want to see my children again. I regret having come all the way here,” said Rachid Aouchari, 32, from Ksar el Kebir, 170 kilometres from Fnideq, who was turned back from Ceuta during the night from Thursday to Friday.
Until midday Friday, clashes had pitted the security forces against migrants seeking to cross into Spain, either by swimming or on foot along a narrow wall leading to the Ceuta crossing point.
Police responded with water cannons and tear gas against hundreds of young men, arresting dozens of them, according to an AFP journalist.
AFP
A fighter jet crashed and erupted into flames at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in California on Friday, sending smoke billowing into the sky that could be seen from miles away.
The single-seat F-35B Lightning II aircraft from Marine Aircraft Group 11, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, went down short of the runway just before 10 a.m. PT.
“The pilot ejected (and) was transported to a local medical facility in stable condition for evaluation and treatment of non-life-threatening injuries,” according to a statement from the wing.
Airport fire crews sprayed the wreckage with firefighting foam and worked to extinguish a grass fire surrounding the crash site.
“F-35 short final crash,” the Miramar air traffic control tower told firefighters in audio recorded by LiveATC.net. “It appeared that the parachute did deploy … and a pilot ejected.”
The cause of the crash was not immediately clear. Military plane crashes are typically investigated by the military as opposed to civilian crashes which are investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board.
Billed as “the most advanced jet fighter in the world” by its manufacturer, the F-35B is a stealth aircraft that can land like a conventional plane, or vertically, similar to a helicopter. The more than 50-foot-long jet is operated by the US Marines, the United Kingdom and the Italian Air Force. The planes cost about $102 million each, according to the manufacturer.
About 15,000 service members from all branches of the military are based at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, located in San Diego. (CNN)
India’s Education Minister, Dharmendra Pradhan, has resigned following days of youth-led demonstrations demanding sweeping reforms to the country’s education system.
Thousands of young people had taken to the streets of New Delhi and other parts of the country under the banner of the social media-driven Cockroach Janta Party, mounting pressure on the government to address their demands and remove Pradhan from office.
The protests, which were largely centred around the Jantar Mantar demonstration site in central New Delhi, intensified during the week as demonstrators attempted to march towards parliament.
Police fired tear gas and used batons against some protesters during the demonstrations.
Announcing his decision, Pradhan said the unrest witnessed over the previous 10 days had caused him concern, stressing that remaining in office was not a matter of personal prestige.
“I am pained to see the events of the past 10 days. This is not a matter of personal prestige for me,” Pradhan said in a statement posted on X.
The minister subsequently confirmed that he had submitted his resignation to the Prime Minister.
“I have sent my resignation letter to the prime minister,” he said in the letter written in Hindi.
Pradhan also acknowledged the importance of young people to India’s development, pledging that their concerns should not be ignored.
“India’s youth power is the real strength of this nation. My resolve is that we will not let the country’s youth get trapped in a vicious cycle of confusion,” he added.
The Indian government had opened negotiations with leaders of the CJP in an attempt to end the demonstrations.
Two rounds of talks were held on Monday and Friday, but the initial negotiations reportedly failed to produce significant progress as the youth-led movement insisted that its demands must be addressed.
The protesters had demanded reforms to the education system alongside Pradhan’s resignation.
The minister announced his resignation ahead of a planned third round of negotiations between government representatives and the protest leaders.
Following Pradhan’s resignation, the CJP announced that its demands had been met after another round of discussions with the government.
The group subsequently called off the protests at Jantar Mantar and other locations.
The demonstrations had attracted thousands of young Indians and gained momentum through social media, putting the government under mounting pressure over the country’s education system.
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